Characterization of the inclusion complex of zerumbone with hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin

In this paper we investigated the inclusion complexation between zerumbone (ZER) and hydroxylpropyl- -cyclodextrin (HPCD) at four different temperatures: 293–318 ◦K. The thermodynamic parameters (H, S and G) for the formation of the complex were obtained from the van’t Hoff equation. The complex with HPCD was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and molecular modeling using PM6. The solubility of ZER was enhanced >30 fold after complexation. Calculations show that ZER penetrates completely into the cavity of HPCD. The complex retained its cytotoxic activity as shown by in vitro cell survival assay on human cervical cancer (Hela), breast cancer (MCF7 and MDA-MB 231) and human leukemic (CEMss) cell lines. HPCD is, therefore, a suitable encapsular capable of forming thermodynamically stable complex with ZER for save delivery of the compound as an anticancer drug in the future

Liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectroscopic method for the determination Of zerumbone in human plasma and its application to Pharmacokinetics

A rapid, sensitive, specific and selective LC-MS/MS method for the determination of zerumbone (ZER) in human plasma using 2,4-diamino-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (DMTZ) as an internal standard (IS) has been developed and validated. ZER was chromatographed on C8 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water (80:20, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.25 ml min(-1) . Quantitation was achieved using ESI+ interface, employing multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode at m/z 219 > 81 and 218 > 134 for ZER and IS, respectively. The calibration standards were linear over a range of 5-3000 ng ml(-1) (r(2)=0.9994) with an LLOQ of 5 ng ml(-1) (RSD %; 11.4% and bias%; 9.5%). Intra- and inter-day precision of ZER assay ranged from 0.18 to 3.56% with accuracy (bias) that varied between -5.09 and 4.3%, demonstrating good precision and accuracy. Recoveries of ZER and the IS from human plasma were above 85%. The developed method was validated for the determination of ZER in rat plasma. Linearity, stability of ZER and the ME on rat plasma were discussed. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated by measuring ZER in rat plasma samples following intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of ZER prepared in hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), respectively, in 20 mg kg(-1) and this study indicated a clear significant difference (p<0.05) in pharmacokinetic parameters of ZER in ZER/HPβCD complex compared with ZER in CMC preparation

In Vitro Transformation of Primary Human CD34+ Cells by AML Fusion Oncogenes: Early Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Possible Drug Target in AML

Different fusion oncogenes in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have distinct clinical and laboratory features suggesting different modes of malignant transformation. Here we compare the in vitro effects of representatives of 4 major groups of AML fusion oncogenes on primary human CD34+ cells. As expected from their clinical similarities, MLL-AF9 and NUP98-HOXA9 had very similar effects in vitro. They both caused erythroid hyperplasia and a clear block in erythroid and myeloid maturation. On the other hand, AML1-ETO and PML-RARA had only modest effects on myeloid and erythroid differentiation. All oncogenes except PML-RARA caused a dramatic increase in long-term proliferation and self-renewal. Gene expression profiling revealed two distinct temporal patterns of gene deregulation. Gene deregulation by MLL-AF9 and NUP98-HOXA9 peaked 3 days after transduction. In contrast, the vast majority of gene deregulation by AML1-ETO and PML-RARA occurred within 6 hours, followed by a dramatic drop in the numbers of deregulated genes. Interestingly, the p53 inhibitor MDM2 was upregulated by AML1-ETO at 6 hours. Nutlin-3, an inhibitor of the interaction between MDM2 and p53, specifically inhibited the proliferation and self-renewal of primary human CD34+ cells transduced with AML1-ETO, suggesting that MDM2 upregulation plays a role in cell transformation by AML1-ETO. These data show that differences among AML fusion oncogenes can be recapitulated in vitro using primary human CD34+ cells and that early gene expression profiling in these cells can reveal potential drug targets in AML

Adaptive depth map estimation from 3D integral image

Integral Imaging (InIm) is one of the most promising technologies for producing full color 3-D images with full parallax. InIm requires only one recording in obtaining 3D information and therefore no calibration is necessary to acquire depth values. The compactness of using InIm in depth measurement has been attracting attention as a novel depth extraction technique. In this paper, an algorithm for depth extraction that builds on previous work by the authors is presented. Three main problems in depth map estimation from InIm have been solved; the uncertainty and region homogeneity at image location where errors commonly appear in disparity process, dissimilar displacements within the matching block around object borders, object segmentation. This method is based on the distribution of the sample variance in sub-dividing non-overlapping blocks. A descriptor which is unique and distinctive for each feature on InIm has been achieved. Comparing to state-of-the-art techniques, it is shown that the proposed algorithm has improvements on two aspects: depth map extraction level, computational complexity

Adaptive 3D-DCT based compression algorithms for integral images

This paper proposes a novel mean adaptive 3DDCT algorithm for 3D content to achieve the optimal result by trading of quality and compression of 3D image. The proposed method enables users to adjust the compression rate according to application areas by applying small blocks to the more detailing area (non -stationary regions) and larger blocks to the background or less details area (homogenous regions) [1]. This proposed method “Mean Adaptive 3D-DCT” is applied on Holoscopic 3D images also known as Integral Images. In addition, the experiment results prove the method is applicable to any 3D content

Reference based holoscopic 3D camera aperture stitching for widening the overall viewing angle

Holoscopic 3D imaging also known as Integral imaging is a promising technique for creating full color 3D optical models that exist in space independently of the viewer. The images exhibit continuous parallax throughout the viewing zone. In order to achieve depth control, robust and real-time, a single aperture holoscopic 3D imaging camera is used for recording holoscopic 3D image using a regularly spaced array of small lenslets, which view the scene at a slightly different angle to its neighbour. However, the main problem the holoscopic 3D camera aperture faces is that it is not big enough for recording larger scene with existing 2D camera sensors. This paper proposes a novel reference based holoscopic 3D camera aperture stitching method that enlarges overall viewing angle of the holoscopic 3D camera in post-production after the capture

Omnidirectional Holoscopic 3D content generation using dual orthographic projection

In recent years there has been a considerable amount of development work been made in the area of Three-Dimensional (3D) imaging systems and displays. Such systems have attracted the attention and have been widely consumed by both home and professional users in sectors such as entertainment and medicine. However, computer generated 3D content remains a challenge as the 3D scene construction requires contributions from thousands of micro images “also known as elemental images”. Rendering microlens images is very time-consuming because each microlens image is rendered by a perspective or orthographic pinhole camera in a computer generated environment. In this paper we propose and present the development of a new method to simplify and speed-up the rendering process in computer graphics. We also describe omnidirectional 3D image recoding using a two-layer orthographic camera. Results show that it's rendering performance makes it an ideal candidate for real-time/interactive 3D content visualization application(s)

Scene depth extraction from Holoscopic Imaging technology

3D Holoscopic Imaging (3DHI) is a promising technique for viewing natural continuous parallax 3D objects within a wide viewing zone using the principle of “Fly's eye”. The 3D content is captured using a single aperture camera in real-time and represents a true volume spatial optical model of the object scene. The 3D content viewed by multiple viewers independently of their position, without 3D eyewear glasses. The 3DHI technique merely requires a single recording that the acquisition of the 3D information and the compactness of depth measurement that is used has been attracting attention as a novel depth extraction technique. This paper presents a new corresponding and matching technique based on a novel automatic Feature-Match Selection (FMS) algorithm. The aim of this algorithm is to estimate and extract an accurate full parallax 3D model form from a 3D Omni-directional Holoscopic Imaging (3DOHI) system. The basis for the novelty of the paper is on two contributions: feature blocks selection and corresponding automatic optimization process. There are solutions for three main problems related to the depth map estimation from 3DHI: uncertainty and region homogeneity at image location, dissimilar displacements within the matching block around object borders, and computational complexity

Distributed pixel mapping for refining dark area in parallax barriers based holoscopic 3D Display

Autostereoscopic 3D Display is robustly developed and available in the market for both home and professional users. However 3D resolution with acceptable 3D image quality remains a great challenge. This paper proposes a novel pixel mapping method for refining dark areas between two pinholes by distributing it into 3 times smaller dark areas and creating micro-pinholes in parallax barriers based holoscopic 3D displays. The proposed method allows to project RED, GREEN, BLUE subpixels separately from 3 different pinholes and it distributes the dark spaces into 3 times smaller dark spaces, which become unnoticeable and improves quality of the constructed holoscopic 3D scene significantly. Parallax barrier technology refers to a pinhole sheet or device placed in front or back of a liquid crystal display, allowing to project viewpoint pixels into space that reconstructs a holoscopic 3D scene in space. The holoscopic technology mimics the imaging system of insects, such as the fly, utilizing a single camera, equipped with a large number of micro-lenses or pinholes, to capture a scene, offering rich parallax information and enhanced 3D feeling without the need of wearing specific eyewear

Depth mapping of integral images using a hybrid disparity analysis algorithm

This paper presents the results of a depth map algorithm applied to the recorded integral images. The novel idea of this paper is the development of automatic masking procedure, which improves the accuracy the depth map by removing the background noise. This is achieved by applying the set of morphological operators to separate the foreground and backgroun